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<title>Fyodor Pirotsky</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fyodor Pirotsky</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Фёдор Аполлонович Пироцкий</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">picture taken in 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 17 [O.S. March 1] 1845<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Sencha village, <a href="Lokhvitsky_Uyezd" title="Lokhvitsky Uyezd">Lokhvitsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 28 [O.S. March 12] 1898 (aged 53)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Oleshky" title="Oleshky">Alyoshki</a>, <a href="Dneprovsky_Uyezd" title="Dneprovsky Uyezd">Dneprovsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer, inventor</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky</b> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фёдор Аполлонович Пироцкий</span>; February 17 [<a href="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 1] 1845 – February 28 [<a href="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 12] 1898), or <b>Fedir Apollonovych Pirotskyy</b> (<a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Федір Аполлонович Піроцький</span>) was a <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> engineer of <a href="Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> ancestry, inventor of the world's first <a href="Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">railway electrification system</a> and <a href="Electric_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric tram">electric tram</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the commercialization of his inventions in the Russian Empire was relatively slow, Pirotsky is known to have met with <a href="Carl_Heinrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Heinrich von Siemens">Carl Heinrich von Siemens</a> and influenced Siemens' eventual introduction of the first regular electric tram line (for the <a href="Berlin_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Straßenbahn">Berlin Straßenbahn</a>).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Pirotsky was born into the family of a military physician in the Lokhvytsky Uezd of the <a href="Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a>, in the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (modern day Lokhvytsia, in the <a href="Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava Oblast</a> of <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). His family was of <a href="Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pirotsky received his education at <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, where he graduated from the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw external" title="ru:Константиновское артиллерийское училище">Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps</a> and <a href="Mikhailovskaya_Military_Artillery_Academy" title="Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy">Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy</a> in 1866, and served in <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> with the Fortress Artillery. While stationed in Kiev Pirotsky became a friend of the famous Russian <a href="Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">electrical engineer</a> <a href="Pavel_Yablochkov" title="Pavel Yablochkov">Pavel Yablochkov</a> and an enthusiast for applications of electrical energy.

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<p>In 1871, Pirotsky moved back to Saint Petersburg, where among other things he proposed a new type of <a href="Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>. In 1874, he started experiments on Volkov Field in Saint Petersburg, and in 1875 put electrically powered railway cars on the <a href="Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsks</a> railway <a href="Miller's_line" title="Miller's line">Miller's line</a> (not far from the station <a href="Miller's_pier" title="Miller's pier">Miller's pier</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electricity was transferred over a distance of approximately one kilometer. In his design, rails were connected to a <a href="Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme" title="Zénobe Gramme">Gramme</a> generator. Both rails were isolated from the ground, one rail served as a direct conductor and one as a reverse conductor.

</p><p>In 1880, he modified a city two-decker <a href="Horse_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse tramway">horse tramway</a> to be powered by electricity instead of horses, and on 3 September [<a href="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> August 22] 1880 the unusual form of public transport started to serve residents of Saint Petersburg amid the vocal protests of the owners of the horsecars. The experiments continued until the end of September 1880. Some historians claim that this was the first electric tram in the world. Pirotsky did not have the money to continue his experiments, but his works stirred interest in electric trams around the world. Among people who met Pirotsky was <a href="Carl_Heinrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Heinrich von Siemens">Carl Heinrich von Siemens</a> who was very interested and asked many questions. In 1881, the brothers Siemens started producing their own design of electric trams commercially. The first permanent electric tram line using Siemens tram cars was opened in Berlin in 1881 and the first permanent tram line in the Russian Empire was opened in Kiev in 1892.

As often happens with talented people, Pirotsky was underestimated during his lifetime. Despite his famous inventions, he was sent to the Ivangorod Fortress, where in 1888 he was dismissed early with the rank of colonel. All this happened about five months before the end of 25 years of military service, which allowed him to receive the maximum pension.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pirotsky continued to serve as an artillery officer of the <a href="Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. Among other things, he installed the first underground electric cable in Saint Petersburg to transfer electricity from a cannon foundry to the Artillery School (1881). He also was the author of a project for centralizing the city's electricity production using underground cables, he proposed new constructions of blast furnaces and bakery ovens. In 1888, he retired with the rank of <a href="Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a>, lived on his military pension in the town of <a href="Oleshky" title="Oleshky">Alyoshki</a> (today Oleshky, <a href="Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he died in 1898. Since no money was found on him when he died, the burial was paid for by a credit secured by the colonel's furniture.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Belkind L. D., Konfederatov I. Ya., Shneyberg Ya. A. (Белькинд Л. Д., Конфедератов И. Я., Шнейберг Я. А.), <i>История техники, М.— Л. (History of Engineering, Moscow-Leningrad)</i>, 1956 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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